Türkiye'nin İHA Teknolojisi ve Kullanımının Literatürdeki Yansımaları

2020 Mart ayındaki Bahar Kalkanı Harekâtı'nda Suriye ordusuna karşı Türk silahlı insansız hava araçlarının (SİHA) büyük başarı kazanması, İHA ve SİHA'ların modern savaştaki yeri ve savaş alanının dönüşümü konusunda uluslararası camiada yoğun araştırma ve tartışmaları tetikledi.

Suriye'den kısa süre sonra Libya'da sahada zor durumda ve kuşatılmış vaziyetteki meşru Ulusal Mutabakat Hükümeti'nin Hafter güçlerine karşı yine Türk SİHA'larının ön planda olduğu karşı saldırılarla büyük başarılar kazanması ve tüm dengelerin tersine dönmesi, bahsi geçen tartışmalara yeni veriler sağladı.

Son olarak 2'nci Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı'nda Azerbaycan ordusunun Türk ve İsrail yapımı İHA ve SİHA'larla Ermeni birliklerine büyük kayıplar verdirmesi ve savaşı kazanması, merkezinde SİHA'ların olduğu bir dönüşümün yaşandığı ve Türkiye'nin bir İHA gücü olarak anılması gerektiği şeklindeki değerlendirmelerin sayısını artırdı.

2020 başından bu yana Türk yapımı İHA ve SİHA'ların savaş alanındaki performansı, taktik, stratejik ve jeopolitik etkileri ile Türkiye'nin İHA gücü olarak konumuna dair dünya çapında başlıca basın organı ve düşünce kuruluşlarının yayımladığı analiz, rapor ve makaleleri aşağıya sıraladım. Fırsat buldukça güncellemeye çalışacağım.

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David Axe, "Turkey Has a Drone Air Force. And It Just Went to War in Syria.", The National Interest, 02.03.2020: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/turkey-has-drone-air-force-and-it-just-went-war-syria-128752

Sebastien Roblin, "Turkish Drones and Artillery Are Devastating Assad’s Forces In Idlib Province-Here’s Why", Forbes, 02.03.2020: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2020/03/02/idlib-onslaught-turkish-drones-artillery-and-f-16s-just-destroyed-over-100-armored-vehicles-in-syria-and-downed-two-jets/?sh=68da54ff6cd3

"Turkey's drones provide crucial edge in Syria", AFP, 03.03.2020: https://www.france24.com/en/20200303-turkey-s-drones-provide-crucial-edge-in-syria

Alex Gatopoulos, "Battle for Idlib: Turkey’s drones and a new way of war", Al Jazeera, 03.03.2020: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/03/battle-for-idlib-turkeys-drones-and-a-new-way-of-war/

Michal Harmata, "Turkish Drones, Russian Red Lines, and the Fight for Tech Primacy",  Center for European Policy Analysis, 04.03.2020: https://cepa.org/battlefield-tomorrow/

Kelsey D. Atherton, "Turkey’s drones are battle tested and ready for export", C4ISRNet, 04.03.2020: https://www.c4isrnet.com/unmanned/2020/03/04/turkeys-drones-are-battle-tested-and-ready-for-export/

Will Christou, "Why were Turkey’s drones so effective in Idlib?", Syria Direct, 04.03.2020: https://syriadirect.org/news/why-were-turkey%E2%80%99s-drones-so-effective-in-idlib/

"Turkey elaborates new doctrine on armed drone attacks", Army Recognition, 05.03.2020: https://www.armyrecognition.com/analysis_focus_army_defence_military_industry_army/turkey_elaborates_new_doctrine_on_armed_drone_attacks.html

Nick Reynolds ve Jack Watling, "Your Tanks Cannot Hide", RUSI, 05.03.2020: https://rusi.org/publication/rusi-defence-systems/your-tanks-cannot-hide

"US security expert: Capabilities of Turkey's drones 'unprecedented'", Middle East Monitor, 05.03.2020: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200305-us-security-expert-capabilities-of-turkeys-drones-unprecedented/

Dylan Nicholson, "‘Revolutionary’ warfare or good marketing: Turkey’s Syria drone strikes", Defence Connect, 09.03.2020: https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/strike-air-combat/5709-revolutionary-warfare-or-good-marketing-turkey-s-syria-drone-strikes

Mitch Prothero, "Turkey used a new weapon in Syria that was so effective it looks like Russia won't dare confront Turkey directly", Insider, 10.03.2020: https://www.insider.com/turkey-drones-syria-russia-wont-confront-directly-2020-3

David Axe, "Guess Who’s a Drone Power Now. Turkey", The National Interest, 17.03.2020: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/guess-who%E2%80%99s-drone-power-now-turkey-133702

"Libya’s deadly game of drones", Arabian Aerospace, 19.03.2020: https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/libya-s-deadly-game-of-drones.html

Ali Bakeer, "The fight for Syria’s skies: Turkey challenges Russia with new drone doctrine", Middle East Institute, 26.03.2020: https://www.mei.edu/publications/fight-syrias-skies-turkey-challenges-russia-new-drone-doctrine

Thomas Seibert, "Turkish military industry becomes launchpad of Ankara’s regional ambitions", The Arab Weekly, 29.03.2020: https://thearabweekly.com/turkish-military-industry-becomes-launchpad-ankaras-regional-ambitions

David Axe, "Turkey Is The Middle East's Newest Drone Super Power", The National Interest, 09.04.2020: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/turkey-middle-easts-newest-drone-super-power-142242

Scott Crino ve Andy Dreby, "Turkey’s Drone War in Syria – A Red Team View", Small Wars Journal, 16.04.2020: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/turkeys-drone-war-syria-red-team-view

Can Kasapoğlu, "Turkey’s Drone Blitz Over Idlib", The Jamestown Foundation, 17.04.2020: https://jamestown.org/program/turkeys-drone-blitz-over-idlib/

Sergey Sukhankin, "Is Turkey About to Become a Drone Superpower?", Fair Observer, 05.05.2020: https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/sergey-sukhankin-turkey-drones-superpower-denfense-industry-arms-trade-news-00171/

Can Kasapoğlu, "ANALYSIS – Turkey’s robotic warfare future in the skies", AA, 07.05.2020: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-turkey-s-robotic-warfare-future-in-the-skies-/1832430

Tom Allinson, "Libya: Turkish strategy leaves Haftar on the defensive", Deutshce Welle, 07.05.2020: https://www.dw.com/en/libya-turkish-strategy-leaves-haftar-on-the-defensive/a-53365043

Charlie Gao, "Forget Israel, Turkey Wants To Be The Middle East's Great Drone Power", The National Interest, 08.05.2020: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/forget-israel-turkey-wants-be-middle-easts-great-drone-power-151976

Seth J. Frantzman, "A secretive proxy drone war just exploded in Libya", The Jerusalem Post, 20.05.2020: https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/a-secretive-proxy-drone-war-just-exploded-in-libya-628600

Alex Gatopoulos, "‘Largest drone war in the world’: How airpower saved Tripoli", Al Jazeera, 28.05.2020: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/28/largest-drone-war-in-the-world-how-airpower-saved-tripoli/

Federico Borsari, "Remotely Piloted Ambitions: Drones in Turkish Foreign Policy", Italian Institute for International Political Studies, 01.06.2020: https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/remotely-piloted-ambitions-drones-turkish-foreign-policy-26378

Paul Iddon, "From Syria and Iraq to Libya: Turkey repeatedly demonstrates the combat effectiveness of its drones", Offiziere.ch, 08.06.2020: https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=37948

Mushvig Mehdiyev, "Azerbaijan Military May Soon Get Famed Turkish-Made Drones", Caspian News, 10.06.2020: https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/azerbaijan-military-may-soon-get-famed-turkish-made-drones-2020-6-7-16/

Seth J. Frantzman, "Russian air defense systems outmatched by Turkish drones in Syria and Libya", Long War Journal, 10.06.2020: https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/06/russian-air-defense-systems-outmatched-by-turkish-drones-in-syria-and-libya.php

Samuel Brownsword, "Turkey’s unprecedented ascent to drone superpower status", DroneWars, 15.06.2020: https://dronewars.net/2020/06/15/turkeys-unprecedented-ascent-to-drone-superpower-status/

Joseph Trevithick, "Turkey Now Has Swarming Suicide Drones It Could Export", The Drive, 18.06.2020: https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34204/turkey-now-has-a-swarming-quadcopter-suicide-drone-that-it-could-export

Arda Mevlütoğlu ve Sertaç Canalp Korkmaz, "Türkiye’nin Askeri Dönüşümü: İdlib ve Libya Örnekleri", ORSAM, 24.06.2020: https://orsam.org.tr/tr/turkiyenin-askeri-donusumu-idlib-ve-libya-ornekleri/

"Winning: Not Pantsir", Strategy Page, 26.06.2020: https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20200626.aspx

Sibel Düz, "The Ascension of Turkey as a Drone Power: History, Strategy, and Geopolitical Implications", SETA, Temmuz 2020: https://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2020/07/A65En.pdf

Hay Eytan Cohen Yanarocak, "Turkey's Giant Leap: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 13.08.2020: https://dayan.org/content/turkeys-giant-leap-unmanned-aerial-vehicles

Metin Gürcan, "Turkey banks on military drones to extend power, regional clout", Al Monitor, 20.08.2020: https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/08/turkey-defense-pins-high-hope-on-new-drone-in-syria-libya.html

Ridvan Bari Urcosta, "The Revolution in Drone Warfare: The Lessons from the Idlib De-Escalation Zone", USAF Air University, 31.08.2020: https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JEMEAA/Display/Article/2329510/the-revolution-in-drone-warfare-the-lessons-from-the-idlib-de-escalation-zone/

Paul Iddon, "Turkey’s Drones Are Coming In All Sizes These Days", Forbes, 04.10.2020: https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2020/10/04/turkeys-drones-are-coming-in-all-sizes-these-days/?sh=58998c1c2004

"How Turkey Outclassed The UK With Their Own Technology To Develop One Of World’s Most Lethal Drones?", The EurAsian Times, 07.10.2020: https://eurasiantimes.com/how-turkey-outclassed-the-uk-with-their-own-technology-to-develop-one-of-worlds-most-lethal-drones/

Sinan Tavşan, "Turkey begins to rival China in military drones", Nikkei Asia, 07.10.2020: https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Turkey-begins-to-rival-China-in-military-drones

Seth J. Frantzman, "How Azerbaijan's Drones Show what the Future War Looks Like | Opinion", Newsweek, 07.10.2020: https://www.newsweek.com/how-azerbaijans-drones-show-what-future-war-looks-like-opinion-1536487

Laura Pitel, "Turkey’s armed drones bolster Erdogan’s hard-power tactics", Financial Times, 08.10.2020: https://www.ft.com/content/8e9e9892-2bf2-4912-a6cd-46b5c09cbff6

Dorian Jones, "Turkish Drone Power Displayed in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict", Voice of America, 13.10.2020: https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/turkish-drone-power-displayed-nagorno-karabakh-conflict

"Turkish armed drones in Karabakh – more than a new weapon in the fight", JAM News, 13.10.2020: https://jam-news.net/turkish-drones-drone-in-nagorno-karabakh/

Joanna Frew, "The use of drones in the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict", DroneWars, 14.10.2020: https://dronewars.net/2020/10/14/the-use-of-drones-in-the-ongoing-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/

Sébastien Roblin, "Cheap drones from China, Turkey and Israel are fueling conflicts like Armenia and Azerbaijan's", NBC, 14.10.2020: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/cheap-drones-china-turkey-israel-are-fueling-conflicts-armenia-azerbaijan-ncna1243246

Marie Jégo, "Les drones, fleurons de l’industrie turque de défense", Le Monde, 16.10.2020: https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/10/16/les-drones-fleurons-de-l-industrie-turque-de-defense_6056260_3210.html

Malcolm Davis, "Cheap drones versus expensive tanks: a battlefield game-changer?", Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 21.10.2020: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/cheap-drones-versus-expensive-tanks-a-battlefield-game-changer/

Ridvan Bari Urcosta, "Drones in the Nagorno-Karabakh", Small Wars Journal, 23.10.2020: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/drones-nagorno-karabakh

Adam Bensaid, "Turkey’s TB2 drones are changing modern warfare", 26.10.2020: https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/turkey-s-tb2-drones-are-changing-modern-warfare-40924

Arda Mevlütoğlu, "2020 Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı’na Dair Askeri-Stratejik Gözlemler", UİK Panorama, 05.11.2020: https://www.uikpanorama.com/blog/2020/11/05/2020-daglik-karabag-savasina-dair-askeri-stratejik-gozlemler/

David Hambling, "The ‘Magic Bullet’ Drones Behind Azerbaijan’s Victory Over Armenia", Forbes, 10.11.2020: https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2020/11/10/the-magic-bullet-drones-behind--azerbaijans-victory-over-armenia/amp/?sh=1a6e27135e57&__twitter_impression=true

Jason Pack ve Wolfgang Pusztai, "Turning the Tide: How Turkey Won the War for Tripoli", Middle East Institute, 10.11.2020: https://www.mei.edu/publications/turning-tide-how-turkey-won-war-tripoli

İrem Köker, "Dağlık Karabağ: İHA ve SİHA'ların rolü ne oldu, Azerbaycan'a nasıl avantaj sağladı?", BBC Türkçe, 12.11.2020: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54917938

Robyn Dixon, "Azerbaijan’s drones owned the battlefield in Nagorno-Karabakh — and showed future of warfare", Washington Post, 12.11.2020: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/nagorno-karabkah-drones-azerbaijan-aremenia/2020/11/11/441bcbd2-193d-11eb-8bda-814ca56e138b_story.html

Ron Synovitz, "Technology, Tactics, And Turkish Advice Lead Azerbaijan To Victory In Nagorno-Karabakh", RFE/RL, 13.11.2020: https://www.rferl.org/amp/technology-tactics-and-turkish-advice-lead-azerbaijan-to-victory-in-nagorno-karabakh/30949158.html

"How drones helped Azerbaijan defeat Armenia, and the implications for future modern warfare", The Print, 14.11.2020: https://theprint.in/opinion/how-drones-helped-azerbaijan-defeat-armenia-and-the-implications-for-future-modern-warfare/544668/

Sylvain Mercadier, "'They destroyed our life': Iraqi Kurds fear Turkey's drones in PKK mountain war", Middle East Eye, 17.11.2020: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/they-destroyed-our-life-legacy-turkeys-counterinsurgency-operation-iraqi-kurdistan

Franz-Stefan Gady ve Alexander Stronell, "What the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Revealed About Future Warfighting", World Politics Review, 19.11.2020: https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29229/what-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-revealed-about-future-warfighting

Saikiran Kannan, "The Great Drone Lesson: What India could learn from Azerbaijan’s victory over Armenia", India Today, 21.11.2020: https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/drone-india-learn-azerbaijan-victory-armenia-deep-dive-1742900-2020-11-21

Andrés Mourenza, "Los nuevos señores del cielo", El Pais, 23.11.2020: https://elpais.com/internacional/2020-11-22/los-nuevos-senores-del-cielo.html

Gustav Gressel, "Military lessons from Nagorno-Karabakh: Reason for Europe to worry", European Council on Foreign Relations, 24.11.2020: https://ecfr.eu/article/military-lessons-from-nagorno-karabakh-reason-for-europe-to-worry/

Benjamin Brimelow, "A brief, bloody war in a corner of Asia is a warning about why the tank's days of dominance may be over", Business Insider, 25.11.2020: https://www.businessinsider.com/drones-in-armenia-azerbaijan-war-raises-doubt-about-tanks-future-2020-11

Kareem Fahim, "Turkey’s military campaign beyond its borders is powered by homemade armed drones", The Washington Post, 30.11.2020: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-drones-libya-nagorno-karabakh/2020/11/29/d8c98b96-29de-11eb-9c21-3cc501d0981f_story.html

Leonid Bershidsky, "Drones Have Raised the Odds and Risks of Small Wars", Bloomberg, 30.11.2020: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-11-30/drones-have-raised-the-odds-and-risks-of-small-wars

Lennart Hofman, ""Hoe Turkije een dronemacht werd (en wat dat ons leert over de verspreiding van wapentechnologie)", de Correspondent, 03.12.2020, https://decorrespondent.nl/11844/hoe-turkije-een-dronemacht-werd-en-wat-dat-ons-leert-over-de-verspreiding-van-wapentechnologie/26756840685960-125ba30f?pk_campaign=daily

Jason Lyall, "Drones are Destabilizin Global Politics", Foreign Affairs, 16.12.2020: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2020-12-16/drones-are-destabilizing-global-politics

Gabriella Colarusso, "High tech e geopolitica, così Erdogan è diventato il signore dei droni da guerra", la Repubblica, 22.12.2020: https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2020/12/22/news/droni_erdogan_turchia-279477599/

Jérémie Berlioux, "En Turquie, le drone, nouveau héros national", Libération, 22.12.2020: https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/12/22/en-turquie-le-drone-nouveau-heros-national_1809376

İbrahim Sünnetçi, "Transformation of UAVs from a reconnaissance surveillance platform to a force multiplier in Turkey", Defence Turkey, No: 101, 2020: https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/transformation-of-uavs-from-a-reconnaissance-surveillance-platform-to-a-force-multiplier-in-turkey-4231

Wim Zwijnenburg, "Battlefields in 2020 Were Testing Grounds for New Drone Warfare", Vice World News, 23.12.2020: https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5bdgy/battlefields-in-2020-were-testing-grounds-for-new-drone-warfare

Isabelle Mandraud, Madjid Zerrouky, "Le Haut-Karabakh, préfiguration des guerres de demain", Le Monde, 25.12.2020: https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/12/25/le-haut-karabakh-prefiguration-des-guerres-de-demain_6064471_3232.html

Arzu Abbasova, "Game of drones in the South Caucasus: How did the “winter” come?", Topchubashov Center, 10.01.2021: https://top-center.org/en/reports/3086/game-of-drones-in-the-south-caucasus-how-did-the-winter-come

Can Kasapoğlu, "Hard Fighting In The Caucasus: The Azerbaijani Armed Forces’ Combat Performance and Military Strategy In The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War", T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Şubat 2021: http://sam.gov.tr/sam-papers-18.tr.mfa

Noah Ringler, "Turkey’s New Joint Operational Concepts Foreshadow the Future of Armed Conflict", Georgetown Security Studies Review, 16.03.2021: https://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/2021/03/16/turkeys-new-joint-operational-concepts-foreshadow-the-future-of-armed-conflict/

"316. Insights from the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in 2020 (Part II)", US Army TRADOC, 29.03.2021: https://madsciblog.tradoc.army.mil/316-insights-from-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-in-2020-part-ii/

Jack Detsch, "The U.S. Army Goes to School on Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict", Foreign Policy, 30.03.2021: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/30/army-pentagon-nagorno-karabakh-drones/

Adam Leong Kok Wey, "Has Azerbaijan’s Use of Drones in Karabakh Transformed Warfare?", National Interest, 30.03.2021: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/has-azerbaijan%E2%80%99s-use-drones-karabakh-transformed-warfare-181526

Francis Fukuyama, "Droning On in the Middle East", American Purpose, 05.04.2021: https://www.americanpurpose.com/blog/fukuyama/droning-on/

Heiko Borchert, Torben Schütz, Joseph Verbovszky, "Beware the Hype", Defense AI Observatory, 15.05.2021: https://defenseai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DAIO_Beware_the_Hype.pdf

James Marson, Brett Forrest, "Armed Low-Cost Drones, Made by Turkey, Reshape Battlefields and Geopolitics", Wall Street Journal, 03.06.2021: https://www.wsj.com/articles/armed-low-cost-drones-made-by-turkey-reshape-battlefields-and-geopolitics-11622727370?mod=e2tw

Thomas Harding, "Turkey uses armed drone 'tech nationalism' to build influence abroad", The National News, 01.06.2021: https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/turkey-uses-armed-drone-tech-nationalism-to-build-influence-abroad-1.1233417

Aaron Stein, "Say Hello to Turkey’s Little Friend: How Drones Help Level the Playing Field", War on the Rocks, 11.06.2021: https://warontherocks.com/2021/06/say-hello-to-turkeys-little-friend-how-drones-help-level-the-playing-field/